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              <text>To the McDonough County Historical Society&#13;
Ladies and Gentlemen:&#13;
I HAVE been asked to write a historical account of the underground railway that was in existence in McDonough county before the Civil war, but it is impossible, after a lapse of more than sixty years, with no authentic records to draw from, to assemble anything like a chronological account of the events that transpired in those troubled times. As it is my aim to deal only with those events that I know to be true, I must therefore confine my account largely to episodes that came directly under my attention as a boy, and to incidents related to me by my father and mother, coupled with much valuable information secured from the children of Andrew and Harmon Allison, who like the Blazers were ardent abolitionists, and a part of the underground system. I trust that this account, which is as accurate and complete as it is in my power to give it at this late date, may assist you in gaining an idea of the strife and animosities that existed in the decade ending in 1860. It was preached that slavery was a divine institution and that the negro was nothing more than an animal; the fearless men who operated the underground system were criminals in the eyes of the law but they gained courage for their dangerous work in the firm belief that they were performing a duty in the eyes of God and that the black man was a human being with a soul. All underground railroads started on the line of some free state that bordered on a slave state. The road that extended through McDonough county started at Quincy, which was station No. 1, receiving negroes from across the Mississippi river in Missouri. Station No. 2 was down at Round Prairie in Hancock county, at the Pettyjohn or Burton home. Station No. 3, in McDonough county, was generally at the home of some one of the Blazers down on Camp Creek in Industry township, or at the home of Uncle Billy Allison, or one of his sons up on Troublesome Creek. Part of them lived in Chalmers and others in Scotland township. Station No. 4 was at the home of Henry Dobbins in Fulton county, from whence cargoes of negroes were dispatched to Galesburg, Princeton and on to Canada, the terminus of all underground railroads. It is interesting to recall that the Princeton station was in charge of the Lovejoy family, which played such an important part in the early abolition movement.&#13;
Oratorical Genius No Match For Hatred Against Emancipation&#13;
At the time when the quarrel between the abolitionists and adherents of slavery was becoming most bitter, proponents of emancipation engaged an orator to speak afternoon and night at Old Camp Creek church, then located about a mile and a half southeast of Ebenezer church and a like distance southwest of the present Camp Creek church. Antagonists served notice that the speaker would not be permitted to talk, and when the afternoon meeting hour drew near there was an organized gang present bent on breaking up the meeting and probably doing violence to the orator. These men were armed and acting in a threatening manner. The atmosphere was tense with excitement. Bloodshed was feared. There were men and women present, who, while not in sympathy with any argument that could be delivered against slavery, were governed by cooler judgments, and they prevailed upon the gang not to start any trouble. “Let him speak; we’d like to hear what he has to say,” was the admonition that calmed the armed band. The address was an impassioned speech depicting the negro in chains, cowed to the dust under the whip of the master, sold and bartered like cattle and torn asunder mother from child, father from son—the negro, though black by no fault of his own, born in the image of his Creator and entitled to life, liberty and happiness no less than his white brother.&#13;
The orator held his audience well, but only for the moment. Animosities were too bitter to be wiped out with a single flash of oratorical genius; hatred of the negro as a free and equal being was too deeply imbedded. When the address was finished and the more inflammable minds descended to the level of everyday thinking, these hatreds and animosities again came to the surface, and there was a general determination that the speaker had said enough for one day. A council of the abolitionists was held, and both men and women debated whether or not it would be advisable to permit the speaker to go through with his evening program. It was finally decided that in order to avoid probable bloodshed, the evening session should be called off.&#13;
Men Carried Rifles When They Went to the Ballot Box&#13;
In 1852 the abolitionists had a candidate for president in John P. Hale. The adherents of slavery declared there should not be an abolitionist vote cast in McDonough county.</text>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;Testimony of a conductor&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;The first pages of a transcript of a public lecture by David Blazer to the McDonough County (Illinois) Historical Society, 1922&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;David Blazer, of Aledo, Illinois, shared his memory and specific details of the underground railroad activities of his father, uncle, grandfather, and of another family, the Allisons, in McDonough County, Illinois before the Civil War.&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;&lt;em&gt;History of the underground railroad of McDonough County, Illinois&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;Aledo, Il.:Times Record Company&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;A tombstone in a mixed raced community cemetery&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;Photograph by the Illinois State Museum of the McWorter or Old Cemetery, where the remains of African American residents of Philadelphia, Illinois were buried. Philadelphia was a village in southwestern Illinois founded in 1836 by Frank McWorter, a former slave who sold land lots to black, white, and mixed-race settlers, using the proceeds to buy the freedom of sixteen relatives. New Philadelphia, as it became known, is claimed to have been an underground railroad station. It flourished until the late nineteenth century.&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;Come ride on the "Liberty Line"&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;Misconceptions of the Underground Railroad&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;The advertisement offers free travel to Canada those “who may wish to improve their health and circumstances.” A WIURR conductor, John Cross, of Knoxville, submitted this widely reproduced illustration to the Western Citizen. In 1842 he had been assaulted for harboring two women, Susan Borders and Hannah Morrison, and their three children, who had escaped illegal enslavement in Randolph County, Illinois. Cross was an ordained Congregational minister who came to Illinois from New York in 1839. The “Liberty Line” was not a real railroad, but a network of sympathetic northerners who helped escaped slaves flee to freedom, many to Canada, were slavery had been abolished. The representation of the "Liberty Line" as a train likely contributed to later misconceptions of the antislavery human network as an actual railroad line.&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;New York Public Library Digital Gallery&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;House Divided: The Civil War Research Engine at Dickinson College, http://hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu/node/21748&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;Quilt code&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;underground railroad quilts&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;This quilt, on display in Jacksonville, Illinois' Woodlawn Farm historic site, is represented to illustrate the Underground Railroad's reliance on quilts to communicate secret information among fugitive slaves. Folk tales about such quilts claim that their knots and patterns told about how and where to travel. For example, a monkey wrench pattern directed slaves to carry their tools. A flying geese pattern pointed the direction slaves should travel. The bow tie and shoofly patterns directed slaves to wear better clothing than they did as slaves, to avoid detection in cities. A drunkards path pattern directed slaves to travel in a zig zag pattern, which, not coincidentally, was also the alleged pattern of safe houses. The star pattern directed slaves to follow the North Star. But underground railroad quilts, as a tool of freedom seekers, is a myth. The myth of the quilt reflects the fact that fugitive slaves and their allies communicated in secret, but relies on false assumptions about slave catchers’ naivete and slaves’ involvement with, and dependence on, a domestic production of white middle class society.&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;WIUGRR #14&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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          <name>Original Format</name>
          <description>The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data</description>
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              <text>&lt;h4&gt;jpeg photo&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;An Unmarked McDonough County Station &lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;This image shows the modern home and farm buildings on the location of a UGRR station near Macomb, Illinois, "operated" by Harmon Allison, who settled there with his wife Beulah around 1854, once his father William built it. Beulah Brown Allison moved to Macomb from Quincy, where her family were UGRR operators. The site of the Harmon homestead remains highly rural, and the orientation of the image is from the southwest, thus suggesting something of the site's possible appearance to fugitives arriving from the direction of Quincy, Illinois.&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;Tim Roberts&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;1854-1865&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="204">
                <text>&lt;h4&gt;None asserted&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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            <description>A related resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;John Hallwas, &lt;em&gt;McDonough County Historic Sites,&lt;/em&gt; Arcadia Publishing, 2003&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;jpeg photograph&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;WIUGRR #15&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;Illinois, United States&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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        <name>Harmon Allison</name>
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        <name>Illinois Military Tract</name>
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        <name>Macomb</name>
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          <name>Original Format</name>
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              <text>jpeg photo</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;Hamilton Memorial School&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;Underground Railroad tourism and heritage&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;Site of the Hamilton Primary School of Otterville, originally built in 1835 and rebuilt in 1873. The school was founded by physician and former slave owner Silas Hamilton. It is the alma mater of George Washington, Hamilton's manumitted slave and a likely underground railroad operator. &lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;Silas Hamilton&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="216">
                <text>&lt;h4&gt;Friends of the Hamilton Primary School&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;1835&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;Otter Creek Historical Society&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;Hamilton Memorial Association&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;jpeg photograph&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;image&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;WIUGRR #16&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;Illinois, United States&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="227">
                <text>&lt;h4&gt;Eugene Baldwin, "Little school on the prairie: Preserving Otterville history," &lt;em&gt;Alton Telegraph&lt;/em&gt;, April 18, 2017&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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        <name>Jersey County</name>
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        <name>Otterville</name>
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        <name>slavery</name>
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          <name>Original Format</name>
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              <text>photograph</text>
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        </element>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;Spoon River Valley site&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;The road sign in this image was formerly posted in or near Bernadotte, Fulton County. It directed tourists to visit the site of the home of Francis Overton, and his daughter, Harriet Overton, both WIUGRR operators. Francis built a cabin near Bernadotte in 1835, where he harbored fugitive slaves and from which he accompanied them along a ravine to another safe space, the Stone Castle. Reflecting both local sentiment, and the fact that some operators' illicit complicity with fugitive slaves was an open secret, an anti-black mob attacked Francis one day in town. Harriet mounted a horse, and, armed with a lead bar, charged the mob, obtaining her father's release.&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="231">
                <text>&lt;h4&gt;Glennette Tilley Turner&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;&lt;em&gt;Underground Railroad in Illinois&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="233">
                <text>&lt;h4&gt;Newman Educational Publishing&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="234">
                <text>&lt;h4&gt;2001&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="235">
                <text>&lt;h4&gt;Glennette Tilley Turner&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;jpeg photograph&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;Illinois, United States&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;WIUGRR #17&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;div class="YoJUFe"&gt;
&lt;div class="JbD68d"&gt;
&lt;h4 class="zNLTKd"&gt;Illinois Department of Local Government Affairs Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission, &lt;em&gt;Intergovernmental Cooperation in Illinois&lt;/em&gt;, 1976&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;An 1856 painting of a man, Charley and a girl, Abigail Peck. Charley allegedly escaped slavery in Lewis County, Missouri in 1842 and was either caught in Quincy, Illinois and returned to bondage, or became a conductor, helping others to freedom on multiple trips between eastern Missouri and Chicagoland. In 2018 the Lombard Historical Society produced research indicating Charley resided with the Sheldon Peck family of Lombard in the 1850s before, possibly, enlisting in the U.S. military during the Civil War. Various oral histories about Charley, though none by him or other African Americans, circulated in Quincy and in McDonough County. One account attributed his assistance to other escaped slaves to his bitterness at learning of his master's sale of his wife while he was a fugitive. &lt;/h4&gt;
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                <text>&lt;h4&gt;Sandy Schroeder&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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              <text>&lt;strong&gt;stone monument&lt;/strong&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;strong&gt;In 1842, indentured servant Susan “Sukey” Richardson, her three children, and another woman, Hannah Morrison, fled north from Sparta, Illinois, assisted by William Hayes, a neighbor of Richardson’s master, Andrew Borders. Borders had brought Richardson as a slave from Virginia. Hayes was inspired by opposition to slavery of his church, the Covenanters. He, Hannah, and the Richardsons traveled by foot and steamboat to Farmington, but were caught and jailed in Galesburg, before its antislavery committee freed them. Sukey and Hannah remained free, but Borders kidnapped Sukey's children and returned to his farm; the family never reunited. Subsequently, Sukey married a free black man named Henry Van Allen. They had three children together, but in the early 1850s he disappeared, leaving her with their three children. Sukey then married Thomas Richardson, a widower who had also escaped on the Underground Railroad. She operated an Underground Railroad safe house, and helped found the Allen Chapel A.M.E. Church, the oldest African American Church in Knox County. She died in 1904 and is buried in Galesburg's Hope Cemetery. &lt;/strong&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;strong&gt;Gravestone added to the Richardson gravesite in 2004&lt;/strong&gt;</text>
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                    <text>Knox College heritage exhibition label</text>
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                    <text>George Washington Gale, City of Galesburg</text>
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              <text>&lt;h3&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Committed to Equality&lt;br /&gt;George Washington Gale, a Presbyterian minister from New York State, founded Knox College to educate young men to preach the Gospel. The college was among the first institutions in the United States open to all men and women regardless of their racial background. Knox's founders hoped to make education accessible to students of even the most limited financial means through manual labor and the sale of thousands of acres of land to new settlers.&lt;br /&gt;Abolition City &lt;br /&gt;The village and the college founded by George Washington Gale in the 1830s were home to uncompromising abolitionists and Underground Railroad activists who earned both the community and the college a notorious reputation. Gale and those who followed him established a town and a college that would support the Underground Railroad, welcome African American students, and established a legacy of activism on the Illinois prairie.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;h3&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Underground Railroad tourism&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;h3&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This nickname of Galesburg appears in a permanent exhibition of Knox College's founding and first decades in the era of the Civil War, in the Whitcomb Heritage Center, third floor of Knox College's Alumni Hall. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;h3&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rhodesworks and Proto Productions&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;h3&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Knox College&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;h3&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lincoln Studies Center at Knox College&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;h3&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Knox College&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;</text>
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